The Crime Of Hate Crimes - 1607 Words

Hate crimes are very common in today’s society, they can range from various ethnicities and orientations as well as the severity of the crime committed. A hate crime is defined as â€Å"the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability. The purveyors of hate use explosives, arson, weapons, vandalism, physical violence, and verbal threats of violence to instill fear in their victims, leaving them vulnerable to more attack and feeling alienated, helpless, suspicious and fearful†. These attacks are fueled by a hatred for the victim’s personal lifestyle. As mentioned above, hate crimes are not specific to one group of people, the crimes can be found in every aspect of society, some are just more obvious than others. In a 2014 study it was found that 51 percent of hate crimes were motivated by the victims ethnicity. Race was the second highe st rate of motivation. According to this study, it has been determined that majority of hate crimes can be classified as â€Å"simple assaults†. In relation to these statistics it is estimated that only 4% of the assaults resulted in an arrest. It is also believed that more than 60% of hate crimes are not reported. These are not reported because the victims think that nothing will come out of reporting their attacks. Also, the actual victims reported only 22% of hate crimes, while someone else reported 12%. These types crimesShow MoreRelatedHate Crime : Hate Crimes1454 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes Hate crimes, two small words with a very big meaning. Hate crimes are happening everywhere, some hit the news, some go into newspapers and others don’t even make it to the point of any social awareness at all. Hate crimes are a targeted attack, one that should not be taken lightly. While hate crime laws infringe on free speech rights, acts of hate should be criminalized because groups of hate crimes have had a huge impact on social behavior for a long period of time, hate crimes victimizeRead MoreHate Crime Is A Crime1810 Words   |  8 PagesA hate crime is a crime directed to an individual or group of individuals due to their age, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity. Hate crimes are caused by a feeling of being threatened by a certain group of people which causes the perpetrator to act on angrily. Ever since the concept emerged in the late 1970s, laws were passed in numerous U.S. states mandating penalties for malicious crimes motivated by bias or bigotry against a particular group. Crimes motivated byRead MoreHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? Although the definition can vary based on what groups are included (Cogan, 2006, p. 174) the simplest definition would be, violence against a person or group of people based on their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, race or disability (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2013). Hate Crimes do not just effect the victim but also the community. Those who become victims of hate crime are not chosen at random, it is because of the group they identify with orRead MoreHate Crime990 Words   |  4 PagesHate Crime The simplest definition of what a hate crime is, is a crime committed against a victim due to his or her perceived role in a social group. Social groups can be defined by many factors such as sexual orientation, race, disability, religion, age, gender and many other factors. Within this essay I aim to evaluate the causes of hate crime and also to assess the impact of crime on victims and the strategies used for responding to hate crime. The types of hate crime I am going to be focusingRead MoreHate Crimes1581 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease in the number of hate crimes being committed within the United States. Hate groups also are mobilizing. This poses a problem for Americans. The Southern Poverty Law Center provides a solution for this by monitoring hate groups and gathering information about them. To continue doing this, they need donations to keep operating but multiple barriers exist for individuals to contribute funds. Increase in hate crimes, mobilization of hate groups Hate groups, and hate crimes associated with theirRead MoreHate Crimes1702 Words   |  7 Pagesaccountable for hate crimes that occur during sponsored events. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was assigned the duty to investigate hate crimes, defined as â€Å"criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity† (â€Å"Hate Crimes,† 2016). According to Pacific Standard, the FBI has seen an 6.8% increase in hate crimes from 2014Read MoreHate Crimes1326 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crimes There are several laws that have been put in place over the years about hate crimes. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson signed into law the first federal hate crime statute. This statute made it a crime to use, or threaten to use force willfully interfere with any persons because of race, color, religion, or national origin and because the person is participating in federally protected activity such as public, education, employment, jury service, travel, or the enjoyment of public accommodationsRead MoreHate Crimes850 Words   |  4 PagesHate Crimes By Grady Strickland Hate Crimes care awful and yet they happen every day. The thought that a hate crimes can happen anytime anywhere is not something that crosses everyone’s mind daily. Within this essay we will cover the typical individual who commits hate crimes, who the targets or victims of hate crimes are, what the causes and effects of hate crimes are, and what actions can be taken to minimize the amount and occurrence of hate crimes. Unfortunately hate crimes have been a partRead MoreHate Crimes1203 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the 2011 Census, there are 1,054,945 Muslims and 468,670 Sikhs that live in Canada. The number of Muslims and Sikhs that live in Canada are rising every year and as the number rises so does the number of hate crimes, especially against people that represent their faith through articles of clothing. The views on these articles of clothing are split between every individual, everyone has different opinions about them. There is a lack of knowledge from the genera l population about why peopleRead MoreIs Hate A Crime?1322 Words   |  6 PagesIs Hate a Crime It is 6th period history, the last class of the day, and I am anxious to get out of here to the school bus. So much drama around this school over our Rebel mascot and that ridiculous flag they wear on their helmets and football uniforms. The James F. Byrnes High School Rebels is what we are called since its founding in 1955. I have studied history ever since elementary school and have read much about the civil war, rebel soldiers, confederate flags, and slavery. However, that is

Essay on Epic of Beowulf - 885 Words

Beowulf Beowulf is the main character in the poem, Beowulf. He is a member of the Geat tribe, a follower of Higylac, and the son of Edgtheo. In the poem, the author attempts to reconcile the human and the heroic sides of his personality. Beowulfs deeds and actions toward others reflect his heroic personality. He is described as †¦greater/And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world, although there is no information as to how he has received this reputation. We learn about the main character more through the eyes of the Danish soldier patrolling the cliffs. Beowulfs appearance, size and armor command immediate respect and attention. Beowulf is also very courteous, patient, and diplomatic when he meets with Hrothgar, from whom†¦show more content†¦His home is filled with ancient treasures. This glorious hoard was left unguarded by an ancient civilization. The dragon needs a place to make his home, so he decides to make the barrow his. He protects his barrow from any greedy trespassers that dare to step inside. Ancient in years, the dragon learned long ago to instill fear in the local villagers that lived nearby. He is confident that no one has the strength to destroy him. The dragons hoard is full of countless treasures. Ancient cups, armor, and goblets adorn this great hall. Countless coins and golden swords surround the walls. These treasures were left behind by an ancient noble race. Anyone who disturbs the dragon will be met with hot and searing flames. When he wakes up from a long sleep, he notices footprints. Angered that someone dared steal his cup, he decides to seek revenge. The dragon leaves his cave and shows his power, using flames. ABOUT THE THIEF The thief is a slave who is fleeing from the wrath of his lord. He finds the dragons home and takes the cup to appease his master. Upon seeing the sleeping dragon, he fears for his life, and decided to flee. In doing so, he is careful not to wake the dragon, for fear of being devoured or burned alive. The thief makes his way out of the barrow, ignorant that the dragon would one day wake up and find out that something was wrong. The thiefss flee reflects no courage orShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : The Epic Of Beowulf1027 Words   |  5 Pages To begin, Beowulf the poem has a unknown author, Beowulf is an epic poem. In Beowulf he is challenged by the murderous monster Grendel, Grendel is eating and slaughtering Hrothgar the King of the Danes men and people, the king needs Beowulf s help in defeating Grendel, Beowulf ends up killing the monster and is now tormented by the monster s mother that is much larger, she is no match for Beowulf and he kills her as well, lastly it is Beowulf’s last battle after he has been king of Geatland forRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By Beowulf2577 Words   |  11 Pagesoriginal aspects of these different religions. Due to the construction of this Beowulf, students and professors are able to study and get a true understanding of a pagans’ demea nor and how life evolves through their eyes. Throughout the epic poem Beowulf, paganism is exemplified as this epic hero falls victim to fate while embarking on his journey through life fighting monsters and chasing after his fame. To begin with, Beowulf was composed in Old English by an anonymous writer between the sixth and seventhRead MoreThe Epic of Beowulf733 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is the oldest anglo-saxon poem written in English. The poem describes the heroic deeds of Beowulf in his fight against monsters. Even if the events narrated in the poem take place in Denmark, the poem was transmitted by oral language between the anglo-saxon even 200 years after its creation. Anglo-saxons did not consider themselves british, but vikings, and their heroes were always from Scandinavia. The author of Beowulf is anonymous. The original poem was written on sheep tanned leatherRead MoreBeowulf as Epic823 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an epic? Is Beowulf an epic? ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · What is an epic poem, and how does it differ from other kinds of poetry or storytelling? How have epic poems traditionally been transmitted from generation to generation? How do tellers remember these long and complicated stories? According to Robert Harris’s Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines an epic as the following: Epic. An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and written in a high style (withRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Epic Hero844 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf as Epic Hero Epic heroes usually exemplify the character traits most admired in their societies, and Beowulf is no exception.   Beowulf is set in the Anglo-Saxon society, a time when war was rampant among the many peoples trying to take over the different kingdoms of England.   In this dangerous, violent time people lived in constant peril and jeopardy.   These conditions only allowed people of great bravery to survive and men of outstanding courage were admired the populous.   TheseRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pageswhisked away following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong senseRead MoreComparing Beowulf And The Epic Of Beowulf937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Roman Empire. In the story Beowulf, his actions portray him, indeed be an epic hero. Both Christianity and Paganism are both portrayed throughout the epic Beowulf. Beowulf frequently speaks of God throughout the story, while there are also many Pagan elements that are evident throughout the story as well. In addition, It s hard to ignore the Christian and Pagan elements in Beowulf. These types of elements are what define the heroic warrior in the epic Beowulf(Vengeance the Pagan and ChristianRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreThe Epic : An Analysis Of The Epic Of Beowulf701 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is one of the longest surviving Anglo-Saxon poem. The epic takes place in the sixth century in what is now Denmark and Sweden. The poem opens with Hrothgar, whose successful rule is signified by a glorious mead-hall called Heorot. For 12 years, a massive man-like ogre named Grendel, a descendant of Cain, has raided Heorot and killed the kings warriors. Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland (Sweden), comes to Hrothgar’s aid, bringing 14 of his best men with him. At a feast before the endRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristic

How significant was Che in the Cuban Revolution Free Essays

string(453) " and intent aregood intelligencefor your probe ; explain why youtrustthis writer and his/her grounds for making the beginning ; reference the text and its beginnings Restrictions– explain why the beginning and intent arebad intelligencefor your probe ; explain why youmake nontrustthis writer and his/her grounds for making the beginning ; reference the text and its beginnings V A ; L– These subdivisions may non stop up being balanced\." How significant was Che in the Cuban Revolution . I am researching about a great figure Ernesto Guevara, the Argentine revolutionary doctor, who is known in the world as Comandante Che. Seen in the world as a T-shirt, hero, a symbol of liberty, a man that absorbed the borders in order to fighter for the poor and oppressed workers. We will write a custom essay sample on How significant was Che in the Cuban Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now He Earned all that fame because of his important contribution in the the Cuban Revolution, from 1953-1959 and in the revolutionary government until 1965 which I will cover. In this research I will use Che’s personal writings in which he reported everything in his life, newspaper information because as a symbol newspaper wanted to find everything that he did during the Cuban Revolution, and also I need information told by his comrades who saw him first-handed about what he did. Part B: Summary of Evidence MAIN IDEA 1: Importance in Guerrilla Battles Supporting inside informations: Che lead a little guerilla unit that liberated a cardinal metropolis of Gabaiguan. [ 1 ] He assisted with the Cuban Revolution and was instrumental in developing people to defy the invasion of the United States in the Bay of Pigs invasion. [ 2 ] Without Che’s part particularly in Santa Clara and Bay of Pigs we the Cuban Revolution would hold lasted longer or it may non hold win. [ 3 ] We may non speak about a Cuban Revolution without Che’s part to it. [ 4 ] MAIN IDEA 2: Santa Clara battle We with merely 340 work forces won the battle in Santa Clara against 3000 soldiers with every type of instrument of decease and putted an terminal at Batista’s government. [ 5 ] By May 1958, Guevara was virtually second-in-command of the big group of revolutionists that had gathered around Castro in the Sierra Maestra ( history 1990s ) [ 6 ] Che has to take the recognition for the triumph of Cuban Revolution as he was the 1 who fought in Santa Clara as Fidel was in the mountains. Che won the impossible battle and made Batista leave the state. After he won he called Fidel and said to him that the Road is unfastened for Havana2 MAIN IDEA 3: With Companeros He had no scruple in confronting an enemy with immensely superior strength, and besides his unbelievable bravery, the guerillas could number on a leader with an extraordinary sense of tactics and scheme ( Interview of Che’s Companero ) [ 7 ] He exuded a sense of security and assurance that made the military personnels he led feel supported at all times, even in hard fortunes ( Remembering Che )1 During the twenty-four hours he was the unmerciful disciplinarian, intolerant of failing and inspiringly confident. In the eventide he taught tactics and the usage of arms, read to his work forces organize Cervantes, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Venezuelan novelist ( and ex-president ) Romulo Gallegos, or recited Pablo Neruda’s Communist Poetry from memory. As they proved themselves in conflict, his work forces proudly christened themselves â€Å"Che’s Suicide Squad† . [ 8 ] Che proceeded to Cuba’s foremost true, peasant based revolution. Che proceed to nationalise cuba’s industry and agribusiness8 The step of Che ‘s competency is the fact that it was he who led the military action that eventually overturned Batista. Thrusting out of the sheltering Sierra Maestra, he led his men—perhaps 150—boldly through the canebrakes and swamps of Camaguey state, contending toward Cuba ‘s bosom. Batista ‘s forces blasted off with combatant planes, armored combat vehicles and machine guns, but could non halt Che ‘s work forces. When they swept into Santa Clara, in cardinal Las Villas state, Cuba was cut in two, and Batista boarded a plane for expatriate.8 Che except than a Comandante was besides a physician and a instructor to his squad [ 9 ] When they heard gunshot from a little aeroplane that was bombing the town they retreated [ a group of Rebels ] . Che responded instantly, telling the military personnels to remain and contend. He grabbed a machine gun and started firing. More than anything, his action was symbolic he helped get the better of the terror.1 MAIN IDEA 4: Che as Castro’s Brain Guevara provided Castro with broader skylines, a wider reading list, an penetration into other radical experiments and considerable first-hand cognition of Latin America. ( Cuba-Book ) Castro rapidly made him from a physician to a Commander ( Comandante Che ) He allowed Fidel to take recognition for Guevara ‘s achievements, he carefully contusing the monolithic Castro self-importance. ( Time ) He convince Castro to Communism with competency, diplomatic negotiations and forbearance. When grenades were needed, Che set up a mill to do them. When staff of life was wanted, Che apparatus ovens to bake it. When new recruits needed to larn tactics and subject, Che taught them. When a school was needed to learn provincials to read and compose, Che organized it. ( Time [ Besides in Companeros ] ) Che encouraged Castro ‘s leftism, planted the seeds of a deep-cutting and basic grab for power. [ 10 ] In November Fidel eventually turned Cuba ‘s economic system over to Che by calling him to run the National Bank, which in add-on to moving as Cuba ‘s cardinal bank and bank of issue controls foreign trade.8 Che has increased Cuba ‘s foreign exchange militias from $ 50 million to $ 196 million8 Guevara had ab initio come along as the force’s physician, but he had besides trained in arms use, and he became one of Castro’s most-trusted Plutos. Indeed, the complex Guevara, though trained as a therapist, besides, on juncture, acted as the executioner ( or ordered the executing ) of suspected treasonists and apostates.9 Part B: Summary of Evidence ( Continued ) SUMMARY REFLECTION QUESTIONS: Do all of the facts straight relate to replying your research inquiry? Did you mention uncommon cognition? Is your commendation from legion beginnings? Is your information particular and free of analysis? Part C: Evaluation of Sources [ 1 ] To gain an Ad: Approx. 250-400 words ( 125-200 words each ) Beginning–who, when, where beginning was created Aim– province why your beginning was created Valuess– explain why the beginning and intent aregood intelligencefor your probe ; explain why youtrustthis writer and his/her grounds for making the beginning ; reference the text and its beginnings Restrictions– explain why the beginning and intent arebad intelligencefor your probe ; explain why youmake nontrustthis writer and his/her grounds for making the beginning ; reference the text and its beginnings V A ; L– These subdivisions may non stop up being balanced. One side of the statement may be greater than the other DO NOTusage any encyclopaedia or Wikipedia DO NOTusage children’s books DO NOTuse general info web sites ( like history.com ) YOU SHOULD USE: academic articles, books from commissioned historians/authors, primary beginnings, newspaper articles, web sites that have an writer and mention their info Citation of 1stBeginning:Che Guevara on revolution ( Che Talks to immature people ) The beginning of this beginning is a book written by Che Guevara and Mary-Alice Waters. The book contains primary beginnings such as addresss of Che’s, image and besides contains secondary beginnings such as Che’s life and historical context of the addresss. The book was published in 2000 in USA from the University of Wisconsin Madison. The writer is believable because he is Che who had lived the Cuban Revolution and had taken portion as a leader and wants to inform the people of Cuba for the difficult times they passed in order to subvert Batista. The beginning is valuable because the writer took portion in the facts that he is speaking about and besides it contains primary beginnings in which we can see and read the poignancy and the feelings. The beginning is restricting because the addresss have been given in a Spanish linguistic communication and the book is written in English and during the interlingual renditions a significance or a few feelings may hold been lost. The intent of this beginning is meant for the populace to read the addresss that Che gave about Cuban revolution and the battles they won O in order to subvert the absolutism. Besides the book contains history context about the battles and Che’s part to them The intent is helpful because Che was seeking to inform immature people about the troubles of subverting the dictator. The intent is restricting because there may be some prevarications as Che was seeking to act upon them to communism and communist leaders used to lie. But it is valuable because it is checked by a university. This beginning helped me understand more about my research inquiry and besides helped me to acquire thoughts of how to reply it. Citation of 2neodymiumBeginning:Cuba: Castro ‘s Brain – Time This beginning is a secondary beginning magazine written by HP-Time.com and it was published by Time magazine in August 8, 1960 in the USA. This is a believable beginning because it is originated from Time magazine 1 # most read magazine in the universe which is seeking to inform people of all the states what is go oning around them. The beginning of this beginning is valuable because it is written by a universe magazine which tries to inform people and does non desire to state a batch of prevarications because it will lose readers. The beginning is restricting my research because it is coming from 1960 a twelvemonth which Cold War was traveling on and the US that this beginning is originated and Cuba were in a war and some information may be inaccurate because of the deficiency of beginnings because Americans could non acquire into Cuba. The intent of this beginning is to inform people about Fidel Castro’s encephalon who was Che and how of import he was in Cuban Revolution to be named as Castro ‘s encephalon. The intent is helpful because it tried to demo how of import was Che in the Cuban revolution. The intent is restricting my research because it may incorporate propaganda in order to demo that communist leaders are bad as US was in a war with them. This beginning helped me see different position of the state of affairs go oning to Cuba and how non Cuba’s viewed the state of affairs. Part C: Evaluation OF SOURCES REFLECTION QUESTIONS Did you take your two strongest beginnings? Did you to the full explicate how the beginning was used in your research and its value in replying your research inquiry? Part D: Analysis To gain an Ad: Approximately 500-650 words Merely utilize the facts you found in Part B Historical Context– Explain other of import events were traveling on in your country/around the universe at the clip of your subject that may hold had an impact on or been impacted by your subject Significance– You must incorporate an analysis of the author’s statements into this subdivision ; explicate how the values and restrictions of the writers in Part C helped or ache your investigation/conclusions Different Interpretation– explicate how person else might reply your research inquiry and why Examination– answer the inquiry utilizing your facts All facts used must be cited to the beginning and writer they are from HISTORICAL CONTEXT: What of import events were traveling on in your country/around the universe at the clip of your subject that may hold had an impact on or been impacted by your subject? In 1956 the twelvemonth in which Che became a member of the Cuban revolution, In Cuba dictator Batista had created a state Eden for rich Americans while the Cuban citizens lacked of money and nutrient. That made the Cubans unhappy and wanted by every mean to subvert him. Around the universe Cold war was traveling on. USSR was seeking to distribute communism doing revolutions in different states while US wanted by every mean to halt it. That state of affairs created proxy wars in about every state. Explain the significance of the beginnings from Part C to replying your research inquiry:Write critical remarks on the grounds from those beginnings and how they answer your research inquiry. Make certain you cite your information. Critically discuss the author’s statements from those beginnings and how they influenced your conclusion/answer to the research inquiry. In the book â€Å"Che negotiations to immature people† there are some addresss that Che gave to immature people which some of them involved Che’s memories about the manner to subvert dictator Batista. Che in those addresss negotiations about his experiences and the determinations that they had to do. Che gives his side of the narrative and believes that everything that he did was right. In the other manus the information from a US magazine which are from a state that did non desire Communism and assist Che’s enemies with gun and money, they give information about Che’s importance and accomplishments but besides they criticize some of his Acts of the Apostless which they think they are incorrect doing him non look so good in the reader ‘s eyes. This two beginning give you different positions of what happened and leting you to look both sides of the narrative. Critical scrutiny of one reply to your research inquiry, establishing it off of the grounds you provided in Part B.This is where you Show how all the small inside informations in portion B come together to make a bigger image.Show: cause-effect relationships, underlying premises, and interrelatednesss between the facts. Che’s significance in the Cuban revolution is in really high extend as first of all he was a physician, a combatant and a commanding officer [ 11 ] . He was the adult male that would make everything in field and out of field, out of field When grenades were needed, Che set up a mill to do them. When staff of life was wanted, Che apparatus ovens to bake it. When new recruits needed to larn tactics and subject, Che taught them. When a school was needed to learn provincials to read and compose, Che organized it [ 12 ] . Che educated his adult male learning them how to read and compose and giving them books. He exuded a sense of security and assurance that made the military personnels he led feel supported at all times, even in hard fortunes even when aeroplanes were bombing them. In the field he was the cat that took every mission despite how unsafe it was. Che won the Santa Clara battle with merely 340 work forces when the enemies where 3000 while Fidel who was the leader of revolution was non even at that place. He was the adult male that got Batista out-of Cuba and proceeded to Cuba ‘s first and true provincial based revolution. He did care about taking the credits of his win and part because he didn’t do it for himself but he did for the people, and allow Fidel take the recognition for him. He was the adult male that convinced Fidel to be a Communist. When the radical authorities was established Che became the president of the National bank. He increased Cuba’s exchange from 50 million $ to 196 million. Che was the most of import in the Cuban revolution as he helped in every field and without him the Cuban revolution would hold lasted much longer or it may non hold succeeded. Critical scrutiny of a different reading, a different reply to your research inquiry. Discuss critically how person may be able to look at your grounds and see different connexions, make different premises. Again, discuss cause-effect relationships, underlying premises, and interrelatednesss between the facts. Che was a great commanding officer and really important in the Cuban Revolution and no 1 can reason his importance. But despite that his significance made Cuba a communist state by act uponing his companions and Fidel. That significance which was great subsequently was non so good as the people lost their right in vote and right in democracy by the constitution of the â€Å"Dictatorship of the Proletariat† . Che’s significance in emancipating and liberating people became significance of doing them lose their rights. Analysis Reflection Questions: Did you rewrite your Part B with more item? ( If so, ERASE IT ) i?S Did you critically analyze your subject, grounds and historical context to turn out your reply? Did you critically show the significance of different sentiments on your subject? Did you mention your beginnings? Part Tocopherol: Decision To gain an Ad: Approximately 150-200 words Write the reply or decision to the original research inquiry May, include your concluding judgement on the two beginnings you evaluated – this means to depict whether the beginnings you used are good plenty to go on utilizing them for farther research if necessary DOES NOTstarts with â€Å"In conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Answer to your research inquiry( This may non stop up being the reply you wanted ) : Che was truly really important in the Cuban revolutions as he was the 1 who lead in and out the field. In the field he was the 2nd in bid who won the most of import battle holding a disadvantage of more than 2000 work forces. He was the 1 who was besides foremost in line and and gave bravery to his work forces. The 1 who guided Fidel and he whose ideas Cuban economic system achieved the top. How your grounds proves your reply: The grounds prove his significance because most of them are facts that happened and his companions write about how much helped them. Besides in Che’s Hagiographas he wrote what happened without seeking any peculiar esteem. Besides the newspaper articles who wrote about Cuban Revolution saw his importance besides and articles and books were written in his name. Part F: List of Beginnings To gain an Ad: Word count for entire paper: 1500-2000 words Does non number headers, rubrics, or footers Used at least 6-10 beginnings Strong and believable: with a known writer, from a believable organisation, an academic diary, a historian, etc. Bibliography – List all beginnings you used in alphabetical order Full commendation information for your beginning in Chicago/Turabian Style Leave a infinite between each beginning Do non utilize slug points 1stline of beginning flower left, any line after that indented Standard data formatsystem used throughout Chicago/Turabian No mentions to Wikipedia, Encarta, Wordbook, Grolier’s, or other encyclopaedia No mentions to Google Dosal, Paul J. Comandante Che: Guerrilla Soldier, Commander, and Strategist, 1956-1967. University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. HP-Time.com. â€Å" CUBA: Castro ‘s Brain – Time. † August 8, 1960. Mottas, Nicolas PhD. â€Å" I? I I ¬  © Guevaristas. † I? I I ¬  © Guevaristas. October 3, 2011. Accessed May 10, 2015. Translated in English from Greek by Dimitri Zografi Guevara, Che. Che Talks to Young People. New York: Scout, 2000. â€Å"I? I ­ ( From Ernesto to Che ) † , produced in 2002 for the Grecian province telecasting show, Athens Greece. Translated in English from Greek by Dimitri Zografi. â€Å"Interview with Castro† interviewed by in 1998. Torre, Aleida, and Pilar Aguilera. Remembering Che: My Life with Che Guevara. Havana, 2012. How to cite How significant was Che in the Cuban Revolution, Essay examples

Balmain Textile Assignment free essay sample

So Balmain started in 1934 to work for the fashion designer Edward Molyneux. Edward Molyneux was known for his extravagant clothes, and a bit over the top style, he was one of the greatest couturiers of that time. Balmain worked for Mr. Molyneux for 5 years. In 1939 Balmain worked for Lucien Lelong where he worked side by side with Christian Dior. Finally in 1945 Balmain was able to open his own fashion house. He designed a ‘new French style’, which was definitely influenced by a post war style. The woman who wore the clothes would represented an active, confident and elegant women. This look and woman was later known as the ‘jolie madame’. It was often compared with the ‘new look’ of Christian Dior, where the waist of the woman is small and where she wears a long bellshaped skirt. In the 60’s Balmain started to experience more with different kind of fabrics, he was clashing and melding new shapes and styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Balmain Textile Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He dressed a lot of movie stars like Bridgit Bardot, Sophia Lauren and Joshephine Baker. So his clientele where people with a lot of money. But in the 70s he broadened his clientele by making also a ready to wear collection. His designs where filled with elegance and slender lines. He developed his company by designing uniforms for the Singapore airlines and he also developed perfumes. In 1882 Balmain died. (1950) (1960) (1970) (1980) After the dead of Pierre Balmain: After the dead of Pierre Balmain the house was managed by Erik Mortensen who was the ‘right hand’ of Pierre Balmain. He kept the style and identity of Piere Balmain by keeping the classical style and luxurious designs. This was also transferred when Herve Piere (in 1990) was creative director. In 1993 Oskar de la renta was the creative director of Balmain, who kept the classical Look and the ‘jolie madame’ look. Gillet dufour (1998) replaced his position, but was later in 2002 replaced by Laurent Mercier. Balmain hit a rough patch and closed for 2 years in 2004. It was in 2006 when Balmain was reinvented. Balmain became more modern and edgier. This was when Chrisophe Decarnin was the head of the house Balmain, now Balmain came to be known as a glamourous, sexy and rock style brand. The dresses became shorter, tighter, edgier and sexier. In that time the famous Balmain jacket was invented, with the broad shoulders. Finally in 2011, Chrisophe Decarnin left the position of creative director and was replaced by Oliver Rousteign, who kept the edgy style. Roustaign added a bit more retro look and also some glitters of the 70s. (Erik Mortensen for balmain) (Oskar de la renta for balmain) (lauren Mercier for balmain) (Christophe Decarnin for Balmain) 2) Brand Identity amp; Style Objectives and style: So if we look at the history and style from Balmain, we see that the style changed from classical and elegant to sexy and edgy. The two different styles have in common that the clothing are designed for confident woman with a luxurious lifestyle. Now Balmain is mostly known for their broad shoulder jackets and their rock edge they give to the close. They are also known for their sexiness and use of leather. This season leather was again used, but also a lot of denim. So to conclude the style is now in general rock, sexy and edgy. Balmain has two lines, one for men and one for woman. The brand is a luxury brand. The price range varies from 1000 and up. This means that they have the enough money to spend on good quality fabrics.

Influencing and Controlling the Project

Introduction Project control is essential for its successful completion. In controlling the project, there are a number of issues that the project manager is supposed to take into consideration. These issues include project evaluation, project schedule, budget control, input control, output quality, scope management as well as change management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influencing and Controlling the Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In undertaking a project, change will be inevitable, and it is important for the manager to manage it appropriately. Proper communication will enhance the success of the project as well as good motivation of the people involved in the project. This paper addresses the issue of organizational change as well as communication during project execution. Organizational change Change is inevitable. In the current world, the pace of change is on the rise. Any project developme nt will be associated with some change in the organization. Projects are meant to increase the efficiency of an organization. It is, therefore, essential for the project manager be able to properly manage change. Implementing a change in an organization must be accompanied by change in the organizational culture (Dinsmore Cabanis-Brewin, 2010). The previous ways of doing things, the belief and behaviors must be changed. The project is expected to induce a change in the mode of communication at the Air Force Bases where it will be implemented. The Land Mobile Radio will enable Nuclear Command and control at the bases. Stakeholder Communication A project takes a series of steps which should be executed in a systematic manner. In each of the steps, the expertise involved could be different. Each step should be executed by personnel who have knowledge on it. The project manager should be able to effectively communicate to each of the stakeholders involved in project development. Effect ive stakeholders’ communication is essential in developing a positive relationship within them (O’Donovan, 2011). This will harmonize the whole project development process, and enhance the chances of success. In addition, if communication means and methods adopted by the management are effective, they can manipulate the stakeholders’ mindset. There are a number of factors that influence communication with the shareholders. The project managers should first seek to know who the stakeholders are, why he needs to communicate to them, what he should communicate to them. He should also find out when he is supposed to communicate to the stakeholders and the best mechanisms to pass on the message effectively. Stakeholders may include even those people who will be impacted by the project.Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Informal communication While at work, peopl e need to communicate with each other so as to efficiently accomplish their production work. People will always consult their colleagues about a task they are executing. Informal communication aids in coordination among people working on a project. The members will be able to learn from their colleagues. Informal communication is effective in supporting production work. It also enhances social relations among members and form a base on which teamwork will start. Teamwork is important in the project and will be essential in developing it to a successful conclusion. It is, therefore, important for the project manager to create an environment whereby people involved in the project can communicate with each other both formally and informally. It will enhance collaboration among the members and eventually successful project completion (Kraut, Fish, Root Chalfonte, 2002). References Dinsmore, P. C., Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2010). The AMA handbook of project management. New York: AMACOM. Kra ut, R. E., Fish, R. S., Root, R. W., Chalfonte, B. L. (2002). Informal Communication in Organizations: Form, Function, and Technology. Web. O’Donovan, G. (2011). Solvency II: Stakeholder communications and change. Farnham, England: Gower. This essay on Influencing and Controlling the Project was written and submitted by user Tessa Mercer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Meiji Period Essay Essay Example

Meiji Period Essay Essay Example Meiji Period Essay Essay Meiji Period Essay Essay Meiji means ‘the enlightened rule’ in Nipponese. In Japan the period from 1868 to 1912 is called ‘Meiji Era’ ? . ( Meiji Period ) . The name Meiji was chosen by the immature prince Mutsuhito. when he succeeded his male parent to the throne. During this period Japan emerged as a universe political and economic power. Japan underwent a surprising advancement from mediaeval society to of import and primary military power and economic power in Asia. During the Meiji period the emperor was merely 15 old ages old but he was fortunate to hold a group of first-class advisers who brought merger of eastern and western civilizations. They adapted western thoughts while retaining the importance of the E. During this period the authorities made all attempts to construct up its military strength and advancement economic position. The samurai warriors were the traditional military system in Japan. The samurai system was replaced by the indispensable military service. The ground forces was trained by the Prussian and Gallic teachers. In two major wars that is in Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95 against China and Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 against Russia. the Nipponese ground forces proved its high quality. Japan has emerged as the strong new power in Asia after these two wars. The Government gave importance to the thoughts and involvements of husbandmans. samurai. merchandisers and former feudal estate proprietors. Foreign experts were employed in the Fieldss of defence. industry. agribusiness and transit and their methods and patterns were carefully considered and adopted. Political and societal reforms were given much importance during this period. Some of the reforms include declaration of spiritual freedom in 1873 ; the lunar calendar which was considered most of import by the Nipponese society was replaced by Gregorian calendar. debut of the revenue enhancement system. freedom of trade. and freedom of land acquisition and in 1890 first elections was held for DIET. Along with this instruction was besides given extreme importance and was made compulsory. The attending at schools stood at 98 per centum by the terminal of the Meiji period. The Meiji epoch was a stage of strong emotions and extremist reforms. The authorities intended to construct Japan as a democratic state. Many of the Nipponese bookmans were sent to western states to analyze linguistic communications and western scientific discipline to better the agricultural economic system of Tokugawa Japan in to developed industrial sector. By agencies of immense governmental investings. the communicating webs and transit were developed. The first telegraph line was established between Yokahoma and Tokyo in 1869. a horse-drawn ropeway system was introduced. national postal service was introduced in 1871the first steel span known as Azuma steel span was opened. in 1872. Meiji emperor opened the first train connexion between Tokyo and Yokahoma. The powerful and big concerns in Japan known as zaibatsu were supported by the authorities to develop and back up the industries and concerns. The period in 1880’s besides led to fiscal crisis due to immense outgos which led to the reform in the currency system and constitution of the Bank of Japan. The fabric industry became the largest industry and grew faster in Japan until World War II. In 1889 Japan established its first European manner fundamental law. The emperor was top of the navy. executive. ground forces and legislative power. During the Meiji period. Japan emerged as a major power and a developed state. Japan was changed wholly by the western rock edifices which include deparment shops. Bankss and authorities sites. The Meiji period led to the economic roar and standard military power. Mentions: 1. Meiji Period ( 1868-1912 ) . Japan cultural profile. October 5. 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. culturalprofiles. net/japan/Directories/Japan_Cultural_Profile/-13234. hypertext markup language

LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MGMT assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MGMT - Assignment Example Anticipatory model, a traditional model, was based on predictions which were used by organizations as the purchasing behavior of consumers was not obtainable and partnerships were not working together. Thus, the predictions pursued by retailers, wholesalers, distributors and manufacturers led to surplus inventory in the market. This lead to a huge probability of misjudgment of consumer demands which was replicated by all companies. Response based model decreases the effects of dependence on anticipations by mutual discussion and instant communication amongst the partners. This helps in obtaining accurate information and rapid fulfillment of consumer demands. Unlike anticipatory model lesser expenses help to finish the process speedily with huge levels of customization. Technological advances have enhanced the response rate. It not only increases the consumer contentment but also lessens the

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World Case Study

Ansoff Matrix for the Most Renowned Shipping Company in the World - Case Study Example Various experts have provided different definitions of strategy and strategic management. Firstly, Alfred D. Chandler and   according to him â€Å"Strategy is the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals.†Ã‚  Secondly, Ansoff and McDonnell have defined strategic management as â€Å"A systematic approach for managing strategic change which consists of the positioning of the firm through strategy and capability planning and real-time strategic response through issue management.† (Cole, 2003) Strategic management is very important to identify various options that can be used as effective strategy in the process of achieving overall business objectives. There are several tools and models that are used by business organizations in order to identify various strategic options. This report deals with the identification of potential str ategic options in the context of Norden, in order to find out these options a strategic tool such as Ansoff matrix critical analysis and implementation of a theory is used. Moreover, a recommendation which is regarding the technology-driven change in the business of the organization includes the possibilities of such strategic changes driven by new technology.Dampskibsselskabet Norden, one of the oldest shipping companies in the world, was established in the year 1871. It is an independent shipping company that has its presence in different parts of the world. The company headquarter is located in Denmark. Apart from Denmark, Norden has its offices in Shanghai, Singapore, Annapolis, Mumbai, and Rio de Janeiro. The company mainly deals with tankers and dry cargo and is one of the largest organizations in the dry cargo industry. Moreover, it is one of the biggest operators of Panamax and Handymax bulk carriers. Recently the company has entered the segment of Post-Panamax. In addition to dry cargo, the company is present in the tanker segment and has almost 36 tanker vessels (DS- Norden, n.d.). There are three business departments of the operational activities of Norden which are tanker department, dry cargo, and technical department. Technical department operations are in the technical management of crewing, fleet, inspections and purchase, safety and environment.

Fishbowl Inventory Control Solution Research Paper - 1

Fishbowl Inventory Control Solution - Research Paper Example Additionally, it requires setting up the users, customizing the reports, and integrating the QuickBooks with the other applications used by the third parties to align the industry with its particular needs. During the testing process, there will be a utilization of use cases to ensure that there exists maximal functionality of the system. Such cases include the Log on and the Shut down among others. The purpose of the cases is to facilitate communication among the users, understand various requirements, and provide the prototype test cases. User involvement is vital to the testing and implementation of the technology into the company. For maximum participation among the users, it is paramount to involve them as early as the development of the cases starts. The situation will enhance their understanding and minimize time wastage when dealing with the clients. In this case, the immediate program manager will sign off to ascertain the testing of this novel technology. The company needs a development and a production environment since it is an emerging business. However, with time, there is a need to involve such an environment. In this context, the company employees are few, meaning that all of them require training to maximize the available resources. Further, training all the employees will ensure that they acquire the much-needed skills to help one another in the delivery of the company services. However, there will be an emphasis on those that interact with the technology on a daily basis. The training will commence mid the next week on Wednesday the 24 2015 at the company’s boardroom. During the training, special applications will be of help to guarantee an adequate training the acquisition of the technical skills that require an emphasis (Sun-Mee & Munoz, 2014). For instance, the distinct applications intended for use include; customized videos and consultant training sessions.

Effect of Foreign Direct Investment in the Retailing Sector

Effect of Foreign Direct Investment in the Retailing Sector The effect of foreign direct investment in the retailing sector  on the economy of Russia Abstract Following the dramatic, although sometime erratic growth of the retail sector in Russia, this paper provides an insight into the growth of this sector of the Russian economy, particularly concentrating upon the impact of foreign direct investment. As part of this process the research studies the potential benefits that are available to the foreign corporation together with the difficulties that making such an investment can experience. It is concluded that, providing Russia maintains a democratic political structure and can eliminate the adverse elements of their current system, such as corporate crime, the country provides an attractive market for retail globalisation, which will continue to benefit the Russian economy. Executive Summary Since the barriers of communism have been eradicated and a capitalist structure introduced, the Russian retail sector has experienced significant growth. As this report shows, much of this has been achieved through the relaxation of the Russian approach to foreign direct investment. From the research conducted for this paper it can be seen that FDI has contributed significantly to the present growth levels being experienced in Russia. Nevertheless, upon analysis of the benefits and disadvantages that face an international retailer wishing to take advantage of this emerging market place, it has been found that there are issues that need to be addressed if the current level of growth is to be sustained in the future. There is little doubt that, with the size of its consumer population and the continuing level of demand for western products, that Russia represents a major new market for the international retailer corporation. As revealed within this paper those who have already established outlets within this market place have already created a competitive advantage for their businesses. The report finds that there are some significant difficulties that still exist, which create a level of reluctance with new entrants. Most of these are based upon the demographic spread of the population, together with the cost of entry that is increased as a result of the current tax and regulatory regime. Similarly, the current domestic retailers are, in some instances, showing reluctance to participate in proposed mergers or takeovers. Whilst this low level of entry from external firms continues, the domestic retailers are also taking advantage of the situation by consolidating their own position within the market. This is being done by way of mergers and also by using the Western concept of retailing and extending their reach and coverage, not only through the main towns and cities, but also throughout the more rural areas. In reality, if they maintain these strategies, it will only serve to further increase the cost of entry to external firms and, from the FDI view, this would further delay their ability to benefit from the available market share. Therefore, we would suggest that two issues be addressed. That, if they wish to be active players in the increasing Russian retail market, the should evaluate whether the cost of immediate entry outweighs the potential loss of future competitive advantage. In respect of the Russian government, it is suggested that there should be consideration given to incorporating a more level of tariffs that is more in line with international standards, thereby increasing the attractiveness of their retail markets to foreign organisations. This is particularly important as they are also competing against other emerging countries and, if they want to benefit from the available investment, like the corporate retailers, they need to consider the advantage of early entry. Table of Contents Abstract Executive Summary Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Figures Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Motivation for the research 1.2. Aims and objectives 1.3 Overview Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Russian change to capitalism 2.2 The Russian Retail Sector 2.3 Foreign Investment in Russia’s Retail sector 2.4 Summary Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1. Research method 2.2. Research material choice 2.3. Research performance Chapter 3: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Russian retail sector 4.2 Foreign Direct Investment 4.3 Problems and benefits to FDI 4.4 Advantages of FDI to Russian Retail Sector Chapter 6: Conclusion Bibliography Books Journals List of Tables Table 2 FDI in emerging countries in Europe Table 3 Russian major retailers. Table 3 FDI levels 2006-2007 Table 4 Potential FDI retail entrants List of Figures Figure 1 Russian retail growth Figure 2 Breakdown of retail sales Figure 3 Russia Hot Drink sales Figure 4 retail sales 2005 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Motivation for the research Since the Russian political environment changed in the early 1990’s from the closed communistic approach to the more open capitalist format, which has allowed for the involvement of external financial institutions and corporations, the country’s economy has undergone a dramatic evolutionary process. As a result of this change, and notwithstanding the severe difficulties experienced in 1998, the Russian economy has achieved a remarkable pattern of growth over the past two decades. Nowhere has this growth factor been more noticeable that in the country’s retail sector, which according to recent research (RNOS 2006) has seen a recent growth of 30.8%, of which the food sector itself accounted for 22%. The same report forecasts a dramatic increase on these figures by the end of 2008, with food sector growth expected to double. However, such a dramatic increase in the rate of growth experience could not have been achieved solely by the privatisation of the internal marketplace. As with the economies of other emerging capitalists markets the Russian retail sector has attracted the attention of international corporate players, who have shown an interest in opening outlets in places like Moscow so that they can gain a significant share of the extremely large Russian consumer market. Many international corporations have already established a presence in this marketplace and other corporations such as the American giant Wal-Mart are seriously discussing projects that help them gain entry to this sector of the Russian economy. 1.2. Aims and objectives The purpose of this paper is to evaluate what effect this FDI[1] by external corporations has had upon the Russian retail sector. In conducting this research the objectives are to: To provide a better understanding of the economic forces that currently operates in the Russian retail sector. To evaluate the benefits and difficulties experienced by foreign corporations that have already established a presence in the Russian retail sector. To provide an indication of the issues that corporation intending to invest in the Russian retail economy will need to consider. To evaluate the impact that FDI has on the Russian Retail market It is intended that this paper will add to the existing literature available on the issues raised and provide an indication of areas whether further research needs to be considered. 1.3 Overview Following on from this introduction a review and evaluation of the current available literature relating to the issues raised will be conducted in chapter two. In chapter three the methodology for our research is explained in detail and this is followed by an analysis and discussion of the findings of that research. Chapter five concludes the paper and includes appropriate recommendations as well as indications of where the authors feel that further research on the subject may be beneficial. Chapter 2: Literature Review Within this literature review it is the intention to provide an understanding of the historical growth of the Russian retail sector economy since the capital free-market approach was adopted. As an integral part of this review will concentrate upon the political structure and how this differs from that of more developed countries, such as the UK and US. Furthermore, this chapter will review research that has previously been conducted in respect of the external organisations that have already began to operate within this sector of the Russian economy, outlining the experiences that they have had working within this relatively new capitalist environment. 2.1 Russian change to capitalism Following the collapse of communism in the late 1980’s, Russia began the slow steps towards building a free market economy, and this has caught the attention of numerous academic writers and observers. Many researchers, such as Dyker (2004), Medvedev (2000) and Gustafon (2001), have commented upon the fact that in the initial stages this free-market development was hampered by the continuing power struggle that was still taking place between the old hardliners and the new democratic factions. However, when Yeltsin defeated the attempted coup in 1992, power was finally wrestled from the central politicians and the process of conversion to capitalism could and did begin (Medevdev 2000, p.11). This forward move to a capitalist structure was reinforced in the same year by the â€Å"de-controlling† of prices (Gustafon 2001, 10). However, like fledgling free market economies, in the early stages of development the transition bought with it some difficulties. One of the major difficulties was the financial problem resulting from falling output. A Dyker (2004, p.5) and Granville and Oppenheimer (2001, p.3), comment in their research, it was expected that the transition would be â€Å"weak†, and they have expressed some surprise that the West â€Å"despite their expertise on communist regimes,† as Granville and Oppenheimer (2001, p.3) comment, were not prepared for this event. Others have also commented upon the levels of dishonesty in those early years. In Vadim Volkov (2002, p.3 and p.10) study of the Russian Mafia and organised crime, he reveals that there was a significant rise in business crime, particularly extortion and protection rackets. Volkov’s research shows that by the end of the 1980’s the reported incidences had exceeded 4,500 per annum and that it continued to grow dramatically during the early part of the 1990’s, reaching a peak of 17,169 cases in 1996 and the state was struggling to control this situation. The only beneficial effect of this racketeering as far as Volkov (2002, p.142) was that it led to a growth of a retail security sector. Russia also experienced a significant financial disaster in 1998, which saw the relatively new stock market index fall to 38 points, a 60% drop on its opening position, during which time the country fell back on it â€Å"familiar trade activities and exported natural resources, together with outside help to survive the crisis (Turnock 2005, p.130). Things began to change when President Putin came to power. Despite the fact that many researchers consider his approach to be the creation of a â€Å"managed democracy† (Terterov 2005, p.3), with observers being particularly critical of the lack of competition during the 2004 elections. Despite this perception, Putin was able to restore some measure of order to the process of transition. It is the general view that most of Putin’s reforms, perhaps with the exception of the variety of legislations that â€Å"restricted companies freedom of [financial] action† (Granville and Oppenheimer 2001, p.218), did contribute to a more positive free-market economy evolution (Dyker 2004; Granville and Oppeheimer 2001 and Turnock 2005). As Hoffman (2003, p.372), a trustworthy retail-banking environment was being built and additionally retailing outlets being released from state ownership into the hands of private owners. Granville and Oppenheimer’s (2001, p.511) produced evidence of this from a survey, which reported that, â€Å"by the end of 1995, 34 per cent of retail pharmacies had become independent juridical entities.† Oleinik (2005, p.214) confirms this position, revealing, â€Å"Roughly 50 percent of State-owned retailers, wholesale enterprises, public catering and transport enterprises were privatised as of July 1994.† In fact, in the early years much of the early change to capitalism was centred on internalised privatisation and restructuring of the various infrastructures, which researchers such as Burawoy (1996) and Turnock (2002) considered being a normal part of the process to be conducted before economic evolution can begin. 2.2 The Russian Retail Sector Whilst Russia has relied heavily upon its traditional manufacturing and natural resources to provide economic growth in the past, with the onset of capitalisation, it has been widely acknowledged within researches (Gufaston 2001 and Medvevev 2000 are two of these), the retail sector began to have an increasing impact. In fact it is held that in Moscow, which accounts for 27% of the country’s retail trade, this and â€Å"the growth of its consumer sector was the main factor in Russias economic turnaround† (Gustafson 2001, p.186). Many writers have studied the retail phenomena in an attempt to provide an understanding of the theory surrounding it, and how groups within the retail arena will react (e.g. Porter 1979, 1980; McGee Thomas 1986; Caves Porter 1977, 1978). Roth and Klein (1999, p.173), produce a general system theory that results in a multiple of outcomes irrespective of the fact that all firms may be subject to the same environment. The retail development in Russia over the past decade or tow certainly follows this theory. The growth of firms has been subjected to the many differing consumer demands, with a historical preference for open market and small store shopping. Similarly the geographical situation is Russia, whit a small number of major towns and cities dispersed over a wide area, has made also affected their growth patterns. Despite the fact that it is generally consider that the authorities approach to the retail sector has been correct (Terterov 2005, p. 28), there are others that argue that â€Å"business found it hard going, burdened as they were not only by taxes and the extortions of corrupt officials but also by the cruel racketeering that kept growing stronger† (Medvedev 2000, p.23). Similarly, others believe that there the development of the consumer sector was poor (Dyker 2004, p.57) and, in comparison with more developed economies, the levels of â€Å"integration were rather low† (Wehrheim 2002, p.19). Furthermore, this is said to have led to a wide variance of standards, with some improving and others not (Medvevev 2000, p.91). Thus it is little wonder that such researchers in the early 2000’s, should consider that â€Å"Russia was not the most successful country in pursuing the shift from plan to market( Wehrheim 2003, p.17). However during the last five years this position has begun to change, with the retail sector now growing at a dramatic rate. In fact its growth position is second only to India. This is being partially attributed to the increase in personal and disposable income (see table 1), GDP and the rise in the currency value. (Newswire Today 2007). This growth is encouraging attention from foreign businesses, who are looking for business or joint-venture opportunities in the Russian retail sector, such as the food industry (Wehrheim 2003, p.136) 2.3 Foreign Investment in Russia’s Retail sector Prior to Gorbachev’s accession to the Russian Presidency, FDI in Russia had been banned since the late 1920’s (Brady 2000, p.185). However, since this ban was lifted, and particularly during the past decade, FDI has become an increasingly important part of Russia’s economic growth (Dyker 2004, p.207), However, FDI interest was slow to begin with. Turnock (2005, p.3) advances the theory that this was due to the fact that â€Å"Whilst FDI and economic growth are linked, it does not necessarily follow that FDI helps in improving the investment climate, it usually requires the climate to be good in the first place.† Similarly, as foreign investors had learnt with other emerging countries, there is no â€Å"pain without Gain (Dyker, 2004, p.20). Nevertheless, once the free-market economy begun to flourish for internal organisations, Western corporation became interested, and this led to an increase in investment from overseas, which rose by â€Å"155 in dollar terms† by the end of 1994 (Brady 2000, p.205). Investors wanted to get a share of the market stock, â€Å"even though they often knew nothing about the companies , a situation encouraged by Russian tycoons (Hoffman 2003, p.207 and p.361). The one incident that did produce an adverse effect to FDI in Russia was the financial crisis of 1998 when, because of the apparent inability of the market â€Å"to restore order in its economy has forced foreign investors to take their money and head for the exit† (Medvedev 2000, p.296) However, once this crisis had been resolved, the flow of FDI continued to grow (see table 2). By the end of 1995 it had reached a position where five percent of the Russian consumer market was in the hands of foreign owners or their subsidiaries (Medvedecv 2000, p.156). Table 2 FDI in emerging countries in Europe Source: Turnock 2005, p.5 The position has also increased dramatically in the years post those in the above table. For example, the CIA Fact book (2007) showed that FDI doubled from $14.6 billion to $30 billion between 2005 and 2006. These figures were building on the back of a $9.4 billion FDI amount in 2004 (Special Report 2005), and there is little sign of this situation slowing down in the foreseeable future. In addition to the taking over of domestic retailers, foreign corporations are also setting up their own within the country, with Ikea, which â€Å"has 50,000 workers and 159 stores in 29 countries making and selling over 10,000 articles around the world and is one of the largest furniture companies† (Turnock 2005, p.237) being one of the most noticeable. 2.4 Summary It would appear from the literature that has been reviewed here that, whilst most academics agreed that Russia’s road to capitalism had a less than favourable start, and was also interrupted by the crisis of 1998, it’s economic growth has now become more stable and, despite the current political disquiet that exists about the country, the current levels of growth and FDI are set to continue for the foreseeable future. Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1. Research method Due to the complexities of the research being undertaken, together with the geographical and time constraints, it was felt that the best method of approach for this research was to use a quantitative approach. In view of the study being conducted, it is felt that this approach a wealth of literature, information that would span a sufficient level of governmental, independent observers and research sources to enable this paper to achieve its objectives. Similarly, such is the breadth of these resources that it is felt they ensure accuracy and ample range for comparative purposes. In the view of the author this approach has provided an adequate research base for purpose of this study. 2.2. Research material choice In terms of the government resources, the relevant data has been selected from various national international and global organisations. Other data in respect of FDI and the retail sector activity within the Russian market place, has been collected and researched using academic publications, together with industry news and press reports, supported by surveys and other technical data. Furthermore, we have used the data available on several corporate bodies that have secured a position within this market sector. 2.3. Research performance Using this data, the first step was to study the movement of the retail sector itself during the past few years, then to outline the events within the foreign direct investment factor, including a brief study of some of the external corporations that have sought to invest in this market place. During this process we have been able to also identify the benefits and disadvantage that such a move might bring to the investing corporation company. From these actions we have then been able to conduct analysis and outline areas for discussion. Chapter 3: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Russian retail sector The Russian retail sector, as previously indicated previously, has seen a period of continued growth since the beginning of this century. According to research carried out by RNCOS (2006), The market in 2004 grew to a value of $193.2 million, which represents a year-on-year performance increase of nearly thirty one percent, making in one of the most attractive retail markets globally. The same report also states that the expectation is for the growth rate to continue to exceed GDP during the course of the following years. Later resources available from the Russian Trade federation (see figure 1), show that this growth is continuing and is anticipated to accelerate in the next three years, with the major concentration on the main cities and towns. Figure 1 Russian retail growth Source http://www.russiantradeny.com/index.php?chapter=rtaction=showid=41 Additionally, the Russian statistics service (Rosstat) have released figures for the first quarter of 2007, which show that in that period alone the grown has been 13.6%, which at $117.456 billion, puts the sector on course to reach $500 billion for the who year. , in Russia, retail sales grew 13.6% YOY to reach the level of 3.043 Trillion Rubles (US$117.456757 Billion) from January to April 2007. However, retail sales grew 13.8% to reach around 814.8 billion rubles (US$31.4504652 Billion) in this April alone. A further report by Kuipers (2006) shows a further breakdown of these sales. From this analysis, it can be seen that, whilst food retail is growing appreciably at 17.6%, the non-feed area is doing even better (see figure 2). Figure 2 Breakdown of retail sales Of these amounts approximately 48% represent retail sales attributed to imported goods. The increases n this area has been brought about partially as a result of recent changes that the Russian authorities have made to various duties and levies. For example, as a recent Euromonitor (2006) study shows, the import duty on â€Å"raw coffee beans was abolished in 2006, with the direct intention of encouraging new players such as Nescafe and Starbucks. The following graph shows the effect that it is estimated this will have on the market for hot drink sales over the next few years. Figure 3 Russia Hot Drink sales There has been a significant growth of retail in the past few years in Russia and, as a result of this, Russia’s 76.3% increase in trade outlets is out-stripping the performance of other Eastern European countries (Czech 0% and Croatia 17%) and Europe as a whole (20%). The generally held view, as voiced by Vitaly Podolskyi, CFO of the Russian retailer Pyaterochka, during an interview with Kuipers (2006), is that by 2010 Russia could well become the largest retail market in Europe. However, in a later interview Vitaly Podolskyi, also stated that it was a difficult sector for domestic retailers, and for foreign entrants who were seeking to establish a profitable business in a reasonable timescale, simply because of the geographic fragmentation of the market place. In this respect his view was that for the foreseeable future, the best route for new entrants would be by mergers and acquisitions. As will be seen later this is a route already being preferred by some of the countries domiciled retail corporations. This view is supported by other research conducted by Kuipers (2006), which confirms that the country’s retail sales are still being generated upon old traditional lines. As can be seen from the following graph (figure 4) (Kuipers 2006), nearly half of all shopping is conducted in open-air markets, with modern trade outlets accounting for only around 20%. and the rest being generated through smaller outlets. Figure 4 retail sales 2005 Much of the reason for the slow pace of change in consumer buying habits is because of the fact that most development in this sector has taken place in the major cities such as Moscow and others mentioned in figure 1 above (see page 20). As mentioned earlier, with such a large geographical area and spread of population involved, it is difficult to impact these methods upon the larger population. However, as the growth rates in these metropolis begin to slow down, so the major retailers are beginning to look for growth further afield (Zeitung 2004), this is currentlu concentrated upon areas where the population is more than one million, but as this development continues, as with economies like the UK, smaller areas of population will no doubt be targeted in the future. As of 2004, as reported in a study conducted by Harri Larentz,, the major retailers within the Russian sector are still predominantly of domestic origin (see Table 3), with only three external competitors at that time. These can generally be broken down into three types of operators. †¢ discounters – developed by Magnit, Pyaterochka, Dixi and Kopeika. They feature a limited assortment (up to 4,500 SKUs), selling space of 250-1,000 m ², and a gross margin of 17-24 per cent. They are normally located in residential areas. †¢ traditional supermarkets – developed by Seventh Continent, Perekriostok, Ramstore, Rewe and, recently, by Auchan, with locations in city centres, along highways and in residential areas. Typically they generate a gross margin of 25-32 per cent and have an assortment of up to 20,000 SKUs. †¢ hypermarkets – developed by Auchan, Metro, Perekriostok, Mosmart, Lenta, Karousel and Seventh Continent – with selling space from 4,000-16,000 m ², 15,000-40,000 SKUs and a gross margin of 13-20 per cent. However, since this report was produced, the chains of Pyaterochka and Perekrestok have been merged to form the largest food retailer in the country by turnover.(X5 Retail Group NV 2007). Table 3 Russian major retailers. Source: Harri Lorentz 2004 From the consumers viewpoint, these new retail formats are having a beneficial effect, and not only in increasing the range of choice, but in the early days they increased the consumers purchasing power by bringing down price increases, although in latter years this has not been maintained (Anon 2005). Although the Russian economy experienced a downturn during the first half of 2005, from 7.6% to 5.6%, the position has improved since then, and the advances being made within the retail sector are driving much of this improvement. 4.2 Foreign Direct Investment As has been previously identified within this research, FDI is continuing to increase within the Russian economy (see table 2, p.16) and the latest figures produced by the Russian Federal state statistics service confirms this position for 2006-2007 (see table 3 below). However, as can be seen from this table. The amount of FDI directed at the retail sector is still a relatively small percentage of the overall investment. Table 3 FDI levels 2006-2007 Nevertheless, although this is the case, some of the balance of FDI is going to manufacturing industries that serve as production and supplier organisations for the retail sector. For example, in 2006 Nestle and their main competitor Kraft â€Å"launched and built† instant coffee production facilities (Eurmonitor 2006), which will no doubt encourage other foreign corporations to make the same move. Food Retailers There are already some international corporations already investing in the retail sector. As was noted in the report by Harri Larentz (2004), Auchan from France, Martloraf and Metro from Germany, Ramstore from Turkey, Spar from the Netherlands and Stockmann from Finland already have a foot in the door. But, apart from Ramstor and Metro, which have around 2 and six stores respec

Essays --

What is word stress? To understand what word stress is, you need to understand that words are made up of syllables, some of which are stressed when they are pronounced. When we pronounce the syllables of a word, we employ the use of a variety of features. The stressed syllable in a word consists of five features. These features are: ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is longer ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is louder ïÆ'Ëœ The pitch of the stressed syllable usually deviates from the pitch of the other syllables. This makes the pitch of the stressed syllable higher than the others. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is said clearer, than the other syllables. This makes the sound of the stressed syllable purer. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable requires the use of larger facial movement. Rules related to word stress As it relates to ‘rules’ that govern word stress in the English language, it is hardly believed that there are actual ‘rules’, due to the fact that deviations are commonly found. There are, however, certain ‘patterns’, in word stress, in English. With reference to the story of The Hare and the Tortoise, we can find certain word stress patterns. The narrative of The Hare and the Tortoise is one that is very simple, as it relates to the words used, so, there can hardly be found any words with more than two syllables. Despite this fact, there are word stress patterns that can be found in the story. Let us look at some examples. 1. Word stress rule: A word is normally stressed on the first syllable, unless there is a reason to put the stress somewhere else. (Reasons include suffixes like –ity or –ion and prefixes like -con or –dis.) Some examples of this rule that can be found in the story are: making, tortoise, being, ever, anywhere, mocking. Here, the first syllab... ...and when at last he did wake up the tortoise was near the goal. The hare now ran his swiftest but he could not overtake the tortoise in time. The voice moves to a higher pitch at the highlighted sections of the text, for emphasis. This draws attention to the idea surrounding the specific word, which may make the thought group clearer. The change of the pitch can also convey shades of meaning. It can place even more emphasis on the superlative of a word, for example the word â€Å"swiftest†, in the text. This word is already in a superlative form, however, the heightening of the pitch, while pronouncing this word in the sentence can make the speed at which the hare was running, seem to be even more extreme. Reading the passage with the emphasis on the selected words, can make the story seem more interesting and exciting. It can also make the text easier to understand. Essays -- What is word stress? To understand what word stress is, you need to understand that words are made up of syllables, some of which are stressed when they are pronounced. When we pronounce the syllables of a word, we employ the use of a variety of features. The stressed syllable in a word consists of five features. These features are: ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is longer ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is louder ïÆ'Ëœ The pitch of the stressed syllable usually deviates from the pitch of the other syllables. This makes the pitch of the stressed syllable higher than the others. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable is said clearer, than the other syllables. This makes the sound of the stressed syllable purer. ïÆ'Ëœ The stressed syllable requires the use of larger facial movement. Rules related to word stress As it relates to ‘rules’ that govern word stress in the English language, it is hardly believed that there are actual ‘rules’, due to the fact that deviations are commonly found. There are, however, certain ‘patterns’, in word stress, in English. With reference to the story of The Hare and the Tortoise, we can find certain word stress patterns. The narrative of The Hare and the Tortoise is one that is very simple, as it relates to the words used, so, there can hardly be found any words with more than two syllables. Despite this fact, there are word stress patterns that can be found in the story. Let us look at some examples. 1. Word stress rule: A word is normally stressed on the first syllable, unless there is a reason to put the stress somewhere else. (Reasons include suffixes like –ity or –ion and prefixes like -con or –dis.) Some examples of this rule that can be found in the story are: making, tortoise, being, ever, anywhere, mocking. Here, the first syllab... ...and when at last he did wake up the tortoise was near the goal. The hare now ran his swiftest but he could not overtake the tortoise in time. The voice moves to a higher pitch at the highlighted sections of the text, for emphasis. This draws attention to the idea surrounding the specific word, which may make the thought group clearer. The change of the pitch can also convey shades of meaning. It can place even more emphasis on the superlative of a word, for example the word â€Å"swiftest†, in the text. This word is already in a superlative form, however, the heightening of the pitch, while pronouncing this word in the sentence can make the speed at which the hare was running, seem to be even more extreme. Reading the passage with the emphasis on the selected words, can make the story seem more interesting and exciting. It can also make the text easier to understand.

Cattell and Eysenck

Usually when we talk about someone's personality, we are talking about what makes that person different from other people, perhaps even unique. â€Å"The Cattell and Eysenck constructs and theories should be seen, not as mutually contradictory, but as complementary and mutually supportive. † The Late Hans Eysenck (1984). Cattell and the theory of Personality. Mult. Behav. Res, 19, 323-336. This eight page report discusses the work and models created by Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) and Raymond Cattell (1905-1998). Each developed specific theories regarding human personality. Eysenck’s is best expressed in the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) while Cattell’s 16PF or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire serves as the best representation of his work on personality. Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 – 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist known for his exploration of a wide variety of substantive areas in psychology. These areas included: the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, a range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of personality, patterns of group and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and many scientific research methods for exploring and measuring these areas. Cattell was famously productive throughout his 92 years, authoring and co-authoring over 50 books and 500 articles, and over 30 standardized tests. According to a widely-cited ranking, he was the 16th most influential and eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell and Eysenck 3 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eyseneck, so prominent were these two men, that their work is now enshrined in the Cattellian and Eysenckian Schools of Psychology, respectively. Cattell's scholarly training began at an early age when he was awarded admission to King's College at Cambridge University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1926 (Lamb, 1997). According to personal accounts, Cattell's socialist attitudes, paired with interests developed after attending a Cyril Burt lecture in the same year, turned his attention to the study of psychology, still regarded as a philosophy (Horn, 2001). Following the completion of his doctorate studies of psychology in 1929 Cattell lectured at the University at Exeter where, in 1930, he made his first contribution to the science of psychology with the Cattell Intelligence Tests (scales 1, 2, and 3). During fellowship studies in 1932, he turned his attention to the measurement of personality focusing of the understanding of economic, social and moral problems and how objective psychological research on moral decision could aid such problems (Lamb, 1997). Cattell's most renowned contribution to the science of psychology also pertains to the study of personality. Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model aims to construct a common taxonomy of traits using a lexical approach to narrow natural language to standard applicable personality adjectives. Though his theory has never been replicated, his contributions to factor analysis have been exceedingly valuable to the study of psychology. In order to apply factor analysis to personality, Cattell believed it necessary to sample the widest possible range of variables. He specified three kinds of data for comprehensive sampling, to capture the full range of personality dimensions: Cattell and Eysenck 4 Objective, life data (or L-data), which involves collecting data from the individual’s natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior patterns in the real world. This could range from number of traffic accidents or number of parties attended each month, to grade point average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. Experimental data (or T-data) which involves reactions to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subject’s behavior can be objectively observed and measured. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which involves responses based on introspection by the individual about their own behavior and feelings. He found that this kind of direct questioning often measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that might be hard to see or measure in external behavior. In order for a personality dimension to be called â€Å"fundamental and unitary,† Cattell believed that it needed to be found in factor analyses of data from all three of these domains. Thus, Cattell constructed personality measures of a wide range of traits in each medium. He then repeatedly performed factor analyses on the data. With the help of many colleagues, Cattell's factor-analytic studies continued over several decades, eventually producing 16 fundamental factors underlying human personality. He decided to name these traits with letters (A, B, C, D, E†¦), like vitamins, in order to avoid misnaming these newly discovered dimensions, or inviting confusion with existing vocabulary and concepts. Factor-analytic studies by many researchers in diverse cultures around the world have re-validated the number and meaning of these Cattell and Eysenck 5 traits. This international confirmation and validation established Cattell’s 16 factors as objective and scientific. Cattell set about developing tests to measure these traits across different age ranges, such as The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire for adults, the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire, and the Children’s Personality Questionnaire. These tests have now been translated into many languages and validated across different cultures. Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4, 1916. His parents were actors who divorced when he was only two, and so Hans was raised by his grandmother. He left there when he was 18 years old, when the Nazis came to power. As an active Jewish sympathizer, his life was in danger. In England, he continued his education, and received his Ph. D. in Psychology from the University of London in 1940. During World War II, he served as a psychologist at an emergency hospital, where he did research on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The results led him to a life-long antagonism to main-stream clinical psychology. After the war, he taught at the University of London, as well as serving as the director of the psychology department of the Institute of Psychiatry, associated with Bethlehem Royal Hospital. He has written 75 books and some 700 articles, making him one of the most prolific writers in psychology. Eysenck retired in 1983 and continued to write until his death on September 4, 1997. This aspect of personality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the central issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with which we can categorize or compare people: Some people are neurotic, others are not; some people are more introverted, others more extroverted; and Cattell and Eysenck 6 so on. However, personality theorists are just as interested in the commonalities among people. What, for example, do the neurotic person and the healthy person have in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extroversion in others? If you place people on some dimension – such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion – you are saying that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Whether they are neurotic or not, all people have a capacity for health and ill-health; and whether introverted or extroverted, all are â€Å"verted† one way or the other. Another way of saying this is that personality theorists are interested in the structure of the individual, the psychological structure in particular. How are people â€Å"put together;† how do they â€Å"work;† how do they â€Å"fall apart. † Some theorists go a step further and say they are looking for the essence of being a person. Or they say they are looking for what it means to be an individual human being. The field of personality psychology stretches from a fairly simple empirical search for differences between people to a rather philosophical search for the meaning of life! Perhaps it is just pride, but personality psychologists like to think of their field as a sort of umbrella for all the rest of psychology. Critics of the psychology of individual differences have often claimed naively that the use of factor analysis in test construction has â€Å"only lead to confusion–since Eysenck found three factors, while Cattell found 16 factors† within the personality domain. Yet these ill-informed critics failed to understand that Eysenck and Cattell were talking about personality measurement at different levels within the hierarchical trait model. Cattell and Eysenck 7 Ray concentrated on primary factors, while Hans focused on broader secondary dimensions. Indeed, at the second-order 16PF level, the degree of communality between the Eysenckian and Cattellian factors was striking! It might be nice to start off with a definition of theories of personality. First, theory: a theory is a model of reality that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. In the study of personality, these models are usually verbal. Every now and then, someone comes up with a graphic model, with symbolic illustrations, or a mathematical model, or even a computer model. But words are the basic form. Different approaches focus on different aspects of theory. Eysenck’s theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysenck is also primarily a research psychologist. His methods involve a statistical technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of â€Å"dimensions† from large masses of data. For example, if you give long lists of adjectives to a large number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have prime raw material for factor analysis. Imagine, for example, a test that included words like â€Å"shy,† â€Å"introverted,† â€Å"outgoing,† â€Å"wild,† and so on. Obviously, shy people are likely to rate themselves high on the first two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse. Factor analysis extracts dimensions – factors – such as shy outgoing from the mass of information. The Cattell and Eysenck 8 researcher then examines the data and gives the factor a name such as â€Å"introversion-extraversion. † There are other techniques that will find the â€Å"best fit† of the data to various possible dimensions, and others still that will find â€Å"higher level† dimensions – factors that organize the factors, like big headings organize little headings. Eysenck's original research found two main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism and extraversion introversion. Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal, fairly calm and collected people to one’s that tend to be quite â€Å"nervous. † His research showed that these nervous people tended to suffer more frequently from a variety of â€Å"nervous disorders† we call neuroses, hence the name of the dimension. But understand that he was not saying that people who score high on the neuroticism scale are necessarily neurotics – only that they are more susceptible to neurotic problems. His second dimension is extraversion-introversion. By this he means something very similar to what Jung meant by the same terms, and something very similar to our common-sense understanding of them: Shy, quiet people â€Å"versus† out-going, even loud people. This dimension, too, is found in everyone, but the physiological explanation is a bit more complex. Eysenck hypothesized that extraversion-introversion is a matter of the balance of â€Å"inhibition† and â€Å"excitation† in the brain itself. These are ideas that Pavlov came up with to explain some of the differences he found in the reactions of his various dogs to stress. Excitation is the brain waking itself up, getting into an alert, learning state. Inhibition is the brain calming itself down, either in the usual sense of relaxing and going to sleep, or in the sense of protecting itself in the case of overwhelming stimulation. Cattell and Eysenck 9 To bring to a close, although Cattell contributed much to personality research through the use of factor analysis his theory is greatly criticized. The most apparent criticism of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Model is the fact that despite many attempts his theory has never been entirely replicated. In 1971, Howarth and Brown's factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model found 10 factors that failed to relate to items present in the model. Howarth and Brown concluded, â€Å"that the 16 PF does not measure the factors which it purports to measure at a primary level (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1987) Studies conducted by Sell et al. (1970) and by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) also failed to verify the 16 Personality Factor Model's primary level (Noller, Law, Comrey, 1987). Also, the reliability of Cattell's self-report data has also been questioned by researchers (Schuerger, Zarrella, & Hotz, 1989). Cattell and colleagues responded to the critics by maintaining the stance that the reason the studies were not successful at replicating the primary structure of the 16 Personality Factor model was because the studies were not conducted according to Cattell's methodology. However, using Cattell's exact methodology, Kline and Barrett (1983), only were able to verify four of sixteen primary factors (Noller, Law & Comrey, 1987). In response to Eysenck's criticism, Cattell, himself, published the results of his own factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model, which also failed to verify the hypothesized primary factors (Eysenck, 1987). Despite all the criticism of Cattell's hypothesis, his empirical findings lead the way for investigation and later discovery of the ‘Big Five' dimensions of personality. Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961) simplified Cattell's variables to five recurrent Cattell and Eysenck 10 factors known as extraversion or surgency, agreeableness, consciousness, motional stability and intellect or openness (Pervin & John, 1999). Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Model has been greatly criticized by many researchers, mainly because of the inability of replication. More than likely, during Cattell's factor analysis errors in computation occurred resulting in skewed data, thus the inability to replicate. Since, computer programs for factor analysis did not exist during Ca ttell's time and calculations were done by hand it is not surprising that some errors occurred. However, through investigation into to the validity of Cattell's model researchers did discover the Big Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today. In summary, Humanists and Existentialists tend to focus on the understanding part. They believe that much of what we are is way too complex and embedded in history and culture to â€Å"predict and control. † Besides, they suggest, redacting and controlling people is, to a considerable extent, unethical. Behaviorists and Freudians, on the other hand, prefer to discuss prediction and control. If an idea is useful, if it works, go with it! Understanding, to them, is secondary. Another definition says that a theory is a guide to action: We figure that the future will be something like the past. We figure that certain sequences and patterns of events that have occurred frequently before are likely to occur again. So we look to the first events of a sequence, or the most vivid parts of a pattern, to serve as our landmarks and warning signals. A theory is a little like a map: It isn't the same as the countryside it describes; it certainly doesn't give you every detail; it may not even be terribly accurate. But it does provide a guide to action.